Thursday, November 07, 2002     

                                          Review on Reaction and Revolution,
                              Industrial Revolution, and Nationalism

Reaction and Revolution
1. Why did European conservatives feel the French Revolution had come close to destroying Western civilization?

2. Why did nationalism rise in Europe in the early 19th century?

3. Why did the participants at the Congress of Vienna fear nationalism?

4. What were the aims of the Congress of Vienna (1815)?

5. The leaders of the Congress of Vienna tried to "set back the clock of history."  What does this statement mean?  Why do you suppose the Congress failed in the long run to "turn back the clock of history"?

6. How were Romantic ideas a reaction against the Enlightenment?

7. Who were some of the leading Romantic writers and artists?

8. Why is the June, 1848 revolution in France considered the first example of class warfare in modern Europe?


Industrial Revolution
9. What was the Industrial Revolution?

10. What do historians mean when they refer to our age as a "post-industrial age," an "information age"?

11. How was industry carried on during the later Middle Ages/

12. How does the production of goods change during the 1500's and 1600's, during the Commercial Revolution?

13. Why did the Industrial Revolution come about?  Why did the factory system develop?

14. Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in England in the mid-18th century?

15. Why was the English government a truly lasseiz-faire  government towards business and industry, up until the 1820's?

16. What advances in agriculture were made in England during the eighteenth century?

17. What was the enclosure movement?  What were the consequences of that movement for village populations?

18. What inventions brought great changes in the British textile industry?

19. What new technologies and industries developed during the Industrial Revolution?

20. What fundamental industrial technique did Eli Whitney develop that helped create the Industrial Revolution?

21. What hardships and problems were faced by factory workers in the early decades of the Industrial Revolution?

22. What factors led to the growth of cities in industrializing nations?

23. What problems did rapid urbanization cause for cities?

24. How did urban life affect individual and families?

25. What were some of the long range benefits of industrialization?

26. What were the reason for the poverty and social evils of the early Industrial Revolution alongside the benefits of industrialization?

27. Why did Thomas Malthus believe lowering the birth rate was the only way to combat poverty?

28. How did socialists hope to eliminate the evils of the Industrial Revolution?

29. How does communism differ from socialism?

30. What were some of Marx's theories?

31. What according to Marx is the shaping force in history?

32. What did Karl Marx think would happen to the capitalist system?

33. What predictions made by Marx proved to be inaccurate?

34. What is the appeal of communism?

35. Is the idea of communism dead?

36. Why did British workers form trade unions?

37. Why was the British Labour Party formed?

38. What factory-reform laws did the Parliament pass in the 1830's?

39. What was the Chartist Movement?

40. What would John Locke have said, or what would his attitude have been about the abuses of the early Industrial Revolution, if he had lived in that time period?

41. What were some of the bad effects of the Industrial Revolution?

42. What were some of the good effects of the Industrial Revolution?

Nationalism
43. What is nationalism and what are the common traits that give people a sense of solidarity and identity?

44. How did Italy become unified?
      How did Germany become unified?

45. Describe the personality of Otto von Bismarck.  How does Bismarck's personality help explain how he went about unifying Germany?  How does Cavour's  personality help explain how he went about unifying Italy?

46. Explain what is meant by the statement that nationalism can divide or unite.  Illustrate the disruptive effects of nationalism by referring to the history of
a) Austria-Hungary or b) the Balkans before World War I.

47. What is internationalism?

48. How did nationalism affect Eastern European empires  in the 19th century?

49. Why did Eastern Europe develop slower - politically an economically - than Western Europe?  Why did Eastern Europe have little industry in the middle of the 19th century?

50. How did the Eastern Empires differ from the Western nations?

51. Why was nationalism a threat to the Eastern European empires in the 19th century?

52. Which national groups revolted and weakened the Ottoman Empire - and made it an easy prey for other acquisitive empires?

53. What was the cause of the Crimean War (1853-1856)?

54. Why weren't the Turks able to reform their society and create stability in the Ottoman Empire after the Crimean War?